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An automated teller machine or automatic teller machine〔(Merriam-Webster Dictionary ''Automatic Teller Machine'' ).〕〔(Maintain Automatic Teller Machine (ATM) services (Release 1) ).〕〔(Cambridge Dictionary ''Automatic Teller Machine'' ).〕 (ATM, American, British, Australian, Malaysian, South African English, Singaporean, Indian, Maldivian, Hiberno, Philippine and Sri Lankan English), also known as an automated banking machine (ABM, Canadian English〔(Automatic Bank Machine definition from a Canadian bank, ''Scotiabank''. )〕), cash machine, cashpoint, cashline, minibank, bankomat or colloquially hole in the wall (British) is an electronic telecommunications device that enables the customers of a financial institution to perform financial transactions, particularly cash withdrawal, without the need for a human cashier, clerk or bank teller. According to the ATM Industry Association (ATMIA),〔(ATM Industry Association (ATMIA) )〕 there are now close to 3 million ATMs installed worldwide.〔(3 Million ATMs Worldwide By 2015, 8 September 2015 )〕 On most modern ATMs, the customer is identified by inserting a plastic ATM card with a magnetic stripe or a plastic smart card with a chip that contains a unique card number and some security information such as an expiration date or CVVC (CVV). Authentication is provided by the customer entering a personal identification number (PIN). Using an ATM, customers can access their bank deposit or credit accounts in order to make a variety of transactions such as cash withdrawals, check balances, or credit mobile phones. If the currency being withdrawn from the ATM is different from that in which the bank account is denominated the money will be converted at an official exchange rate. Thus, ATMs often provide the best possible exchange rates for foreign travellers, and are widely used for this purpose. == History == The idea of out-of-hours cash distribution developed from banker's needs in Asia (Japan), Europe (Sweden and the United Kingdom) and North America (the United States).〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=How the ATM Revolutionized the Banking Business )〕 LIttle is known of the Japanese device. In the US patent record, Luther George Simjian has been credited with developing a "prior art device". Specifically his 132nd patent (US3079603), which was first filed on 30 June 1960 (and granted 26 February 1963). The roll-out of this machine, called Bankograph, was delayed by a couple of years, due in part to Simjian's Reflectone Electronics Inc. being acquired by Universal Match Corporation.〔'Universal Match Maps Acquisition’, ''The New York Times'', 22 March 1961〕 An experimental Bankograph was installed in New York City in 1961 by the City Bank of New York, but removed after six months due to the lack of customer acceptance. The Bankograph was an automated envelope deposit machine (accepting coins, cash and cheques) and did not have cash dispensing features.〔‘Machine Accepts Cash Deposits’, ''The New York Times'', 12 April 1961〕 It is widely accepted that the first ATM was put into use by Barclays Bank in its Enfield Town branch in north London, United Kingdom, on 27 June 1967. This machine was inaugurated by English comedy actor Reg Varney.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 Enfield's cash gift to the world )〕 This instance of the invention is credited to John Shepherd-Barron of printing firm De La Rue, who was awarded an OBE in the 2005 New Year Honours. This design used paper cheques issued by a teller or cashier, marked with carbon-14 for machine readability and security, which in a latter model were matched with a personal identification number (PIN).〔 Shepherd-Barron stated; "It struck me there must be a way I could get my own money, anywhere in the world or the UK. I hit upon the idea of a chocolate bar dispenser, but replacing chocolate with cash."〔 The Barclays-De La Rue machine (called De La Rue Automatic Cash System or DACS)〔Mary Bellis. (The ATM of John Shepherd Barron ). About.com. Retrieved 2011-04-29.〕 beat the Swedish saving banks' and a company called Metior's machine (a device called Bankomat) by a mere nine days and Westminster Bank’s-Smith Industries-Chubb system (called Chubb MD2) by a month.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 The emergence and evolution of ATM networks in the UK, c. 1967-2000 )〕 The online version of the Swedish machine is listed to have been operational on 6 May 1968, while claiming to be the first online cash machine in the world (ahead of a similar claim by IBM and Lloyds Bank in 1971).〔(【引用サイトリンク】 The origins of the cashless society: cash dispensers, direct to account payments and the development of on-line real-time networks, c. 1965-1985 )〕 The collaboration of a small start-up called Speytec and Midland Bank developed a fourth machine which was marketed after 1969 in Europe and the US by the Burroughs Corporation. The patent for this device (GB1329964) was filed on September 1969 (and granted in 1973) by John David Edwards, Leonard Perkins, John Henry Donald, Peter Lee Chappell, Sean Benjamin Newcombe & Malcom David Roe. Both the DACS and MD2 accepted only a single-use token or voucher which was retained by the machine while the Speytec worked with a card with a magnetic strip at the back. They used principles including Carbon-14 and low-coercivity magnetism in order to make fraud more difficult. The idea of a PIN stored on the card was developed by a British engineer working on the MD2 named James Goodfellow in 1965 (patent GB1197183 filed on 2 May 1966 with Anthony Davies). The essence of this system was that it enabled the verification of the customer with the debited account without human intervention. This patent is also the earliest instance of a complete "currency dispenser system" in the patent record. This patent was filed on 5 March 1968 in the US (US 3543904) and granted on 1 December 1970. It had a profound influence on the industry as a whole. Not only did future entrants into the cash dispenser market such as NCR Corporation and IBM licence Goodfellow’s PIN system, but a number of later patents reference this patent as "Prior Art Device".〔(【引用サイトリンク】 Evidence from the patent record on the development of cash dispensing technology )〕 On January 9, 1969's ABC newspaper (Madrid edition) there was an article about the new Bancomat, a teller machine installed in downtown Madrid, Spain, by Banesto, dispensing 1,000 peseta bills (1 to 5 max). Each user had to introduce a security personal key using a combination of the ten numeric buttons. In March of the same year an ad with the instructions to use the Bancomat was published in the same newspaper.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 Bancomat Banesto (commercial ad with instructions for use in Spanish) )〕 Bancomat was the first cash machine installed in Spain, one of the first in Europe. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Automated teller machine」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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